LoRaWAN is a low power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) standard for the LoRa Alliance-based Source-based MAC layer protocol. This technology can provide a local area, a national or global network for battery-powered wireless devices.

LoRaWAN's network entity is divided into four parts: Terminal nodes, gateways, LoRaWAN servers, and user servers.

• End Node: Terminal node is generally a variety of sensors, data acquisition, switch control, and the like.
• Gateway: LoRa Gateways, encapsulate the collected node data.
• Network Server (Helium, TTN): It is mainly responsible for the integrity check of the downlink packet.
• Application Server (Helium Console): Mainly responsible for the access to the network of OTAA devices, applying the application of data.
• Customer Server (Data Cake, Tago.io, MyDevices): Receive data from the node from the AS, performs business logic processing, and transmit data to the node through the AS.